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Ever since chemists began using separating funnels to isolate compounds by partitioning, they have understood the potential benefits of liquid/liquid chromatography, known today as countercurrent chromatography (CCC). Yet despite this knowledge, solid/liquid chromatography techniques, such as HPLC or flash, have become the workhorses of purification. Until recently, CCC was primarily a technique for natural products or academic research and was hardly used in mainstream purification. Unfortunately, early CCC instrumentation was poorly engineered and suffered from slow speed of separation, a combination that led to negligible adoption as a complementary and orthogonal chromatography technique.

However a new generation of high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) instrumentation has led to the rebirth of liquid/liquid chromatography in the 21st century and therefore offering a greater benefit to the chemists.

CCC can significantly improve a chemists productivity and separate compounds that were previously very difficult to isolate or uneconomical to produce. Due to the large difference in accessible stationary phase between liquid/liquid to solid/liquid chromatography - typically 70-80% compared to 5-10% - the loadings are dramatically higher, shortening the number of sample injections needed to process a batch. Furthermore, because both mobile and stationary phases are liquids, we gain two further important productivity benefits.

First, sample solubility issues are reduced because one's options for injecting sample onto the column have been tripled. Using CCC, one can inject a sample into either of the individual mobile or stationary phases or a mixture of the two, whichever combination provides the highest loading per injection. The use of two liquids is also beneficial once the sample is on the column, because even if the sample crashes out of solution, it does not cause the column to block, stopping the chromatography.

Another productivity benefit is that with CCC there is no possibility of irreversible adsorption occurring either onto or into the stationary phase. Recoveries are always very high, and it is certain that the entire sample will elute from the column.

With all of the advantages that CCC can bring to the productivity of chemists, why has it been so poorly adopted?

The first generation of CCC instruments introduced in the early 1980s were known as high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) machines and were poorly adopted for three reasons. The first was speed of separation - HSCCC instruments perform separations over a period of hours, rather than the tens of minutes typical HPLC. Secondly, the instrumentation was unreliable and therefore scientists quickly became hesitant to risk their valuable compounds. Finally, the range of equipment available was poor and typically only available at the preparative scale, requiring gram-size sample injections. This is a problem for chemists working in small-molecule synthetic chemistry, who initially may have had samples available only in hundreds of milligram amounts that took months to produce. Therefore, the entire quantity of a valuable sample would have to be injected - a risk a chemist is reluctant to take.

The combination of these factors ensured that CCC was only used as a technique of last choice, rather than adopted as a complementary and orthogonal liquid chromatography technique that could dramatically impact the productivity of chemists - a purification process that takes hours to perform is unacceptable.

Work commenced in the mid 1990s to improve the operating performance. The development of high-performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) overcame problems of the heat generated in the instrument's bearing, no longer the need to bolt machines to the bench, rewind columns after a few runs, repair flying leads during a separation and no longer the need for working in the back room due to the noise, which was greatly reduced. They were also able to break through the 240g barrier which made it possible to develop robust analytical scale instruments, using small-bore columns, so that milligram quantities of compound could be processed.

The benefits of HPCCC to chemists not only improves the productivity at all scales it is also a technique that can be applied across the whole range of polarity and to both small and large synthetic molecules, peptides, and natural products. Because HPCCC is a high-capacity technique, it is becoming the first choice for scientists when they need to produce large quantities of target compounds.

This is especially attractive when a compound and its analogues are identified as a lead candidate required in ever-increasing quantities as they progress through the pharmaceutical development process. Using HPCCC instruments chemists are able to concentrate on their product development process, not purification/chromatography redevelopment, as scale increases.

Performing scale up of purification between different sizes of HPCCC instruments is quick and simple. One simply uses the volumetric ratio between the two column volumes one wishes to use to determine the new sample volume and mobile phase follow rate.

A Further significant benefit concerns sample solubility. Rather than the solubility of samples becoming a limiting factor, they tend toward irrelevance because the sample can be injected onto the column in either the mobile, stationary, or a mixture of both phases, without affecting the performance of the chromatography.

Chemists and scientists are now able to us HPCCC in their laboratories and use high capacity separation instruments on the benchtop. It is possible with pumps that work at 50mL/min to easily process up to 200g of crude material per day and potentially up to 400g. This is a significant advance in reducing the chromatography bottleneck caused by the throughput constraints of liquid/solid chromatography techniques or the solubility of samples. HPCCC can help solve these problems.

Dynamic Extractions specialise in High Performance Countercurrent Chromatography (HPCCC), an orthogonal and complimentary High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. Our chromatography instruments work at any scale in analytical and preparative chromatography.

Results of DigitArc Electrode Regulator and SmartArc power input optimization at DC Furnace in North Star Steel St. Paul

Jamie Hansen, Melt Shop Manager

Tom Curry, Melt Shop General Supervisor

NSS St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.

 

Fernando Martinez, Vice President

Cesar Gamez, Specialist

AMI-GE, Monterrey, Mexico

 

 

Abstract

With the Smart Arc EAF arc regulation software, AMI-GE has already applied this fuzzy logic to numerous AC EAF installations with great success. The natural extension of this technology is the development of this system for the DC EAF. North Star Steel (NSS), with its policy in continuous enhancements programs for reducing conversion costs, was approached by AMI-GE with an optimization project for the EAF, using systems and expertise obtained from their installations on several AC EAF'ss, to be used for the first time on a DC electric arc furnace. A system was jointly developed at North Star Steel's Minnesota division to regulate the DC electric arc in a way, which yielded significant savings in electrical energy and graphite electrode consumption. Additional

improvements have been realized in the area of DC bottom electrode life, cold startup practices, and peak EAF power demand.

Introduction

AMI-GE supplies automation software to numerous metals industries worldwide, with special emphasis on electric furnace steelmaking. They hold majority market-share in AC EAF arc regulators in North America, and hence their knowledge base in this area is very strong. A recent innovation has been the development of "Smart Arc" addition to their regulator that utilizes fuzzy logic to optimize the arc to user-defined parameters. The system is flexible to receive input (and work in combination) from multiple inputs – i.e. off gas, scrap, chemical energy systems, etc.

North Star Steel's Minnesota division is a diverse producer of long bar products. They produce a wide variety of steel grades comprising about rebar, structural, high C grinding media, and special bar quality. The melt shop is equipped with a 95 short ton VAI/Fuchs DC EAF, a ladle furnace, and a 4-strand continuous billet caster. Typical melt shop production is 500,000 short billet tons per year.

 

NSS St. Paul Melt Shop Data:

Furnace:

• VAI/Fuchs DC EAF Commissioned May 1994.
• 19' Diameter EBT Shell
• 28" Diameter Electrode
• Tamini 80 MVA total (2 x 40MVA) Transformer
• GE rectifiers rated at 120 KA Max
• In line Reactor Coils 25 micro Henries
• Slag Door Oxy Lance with oxy-fuel burner/carbon lance (no other burners)
• Bottom Electrode (Anode) design uses a "fin" type design where an array of thin sheets of steel are embedded in a monolithic magnesia refractory ramming mass.

Ladle Furnace:

• Commissioned 1992 by VAI (from decommissioned EAF)
• 33 MVA transformer
• Porous plug stirring
• Bulk alloy, carbon injection, and wire feed capability

Caster:

• Four Strand with various equipment manufacturers
• 26' radius
• JME Dual Coil Mold EMS
• Concast short lever arm oscillators
• Stel Tek Dual point unbending withdrawals
• 14-ton tundish with alumina lining and metered nozzle practice
• Bellows gas shrouding for tundish to mold stream protection
• All grades cast with Oil Lubrication practice in the mold
• 6 section sizes:
  • 120mm square
  • 5 ½ inch square
  • 6 ½ inch square
  • 6 x 7 inch
  • 6 x 8 inch
  • 6 x 9 ¾ inch

Project Motivation

Before the AMI-GE partnership, the Minnesota Melt Shop team had already put significant effort into tuning their existing power profiles. They tried to adjust the power profiles to the way they layered scrap in the bucket. These efforts yielded significant improvement and helped them understand their process and its limitations, but it helped them realize that their power profiles were a "one size fits most" profile which was unable to account for changing EAF conditions. This was most noted with changes in scrap density, which varied significantly with the higher quantities of obsolete scrap in the blend. Even when they adopted a strict "scrap layering" practice, the variation in the composition of the obsolete scrap was too great for a "one size fits most" power profile.

 

They also realized that the arc needed to have reaction characteristics (gains) tailored not only to the power program, but to the phase of the melt- namely bore in, melt in, and refine.

 

Scrap melting by definition has significant variability in its physical composition and a more flexible tool was needed to react to the constantly changing conditions in the EAF. NSS St. Paul realized that an improved tool was needed to further enhance their EAF improvements. Specifically, they needed a power program with more than simple discrete set points for current and voltage as a function of KWH. NSS needed a power program that would modulate set points within a defined range based on conditions in the EAF . AMI-GE wanted to develop such a tool for the DC furnace based on their similar expertise on AC furnaces. The partnership was a good match from the start, as both parties had common goals and a common vision of how it would be achieved.

 

 

Project Approach

When NSS was approached by AMI-GE, it was agreed that the project would be implemented in two phases. The first phase involved a replacement in kind of the existing DC analog voltage regulator with a digital version developed by AMI-GE called Digitarc Regulator. The Digitarc Regulator would utilize the existing power profiles and add the flexibility to adjust gain settings according to different phases of the melt.

 

After the regulator installation, process and data analysis would define the needs for the "Smart Arc™" component of the regulator. The "Smart Arc™" regulator would then be commissioned, and when selected it would provide all the voltage and current set points for the EAF according to the rules set up in the system.

 

Expected Results

The main goals and performance guarantees were the following:

• Reduction of 1% in energy consumption
• Reduction of 2% in power on time
• Reduction of 3% in electrode consumption

Other important results expected were: reduced bottom wear, improved automation of melting practices and better overall melting efficiencies.

 

Development and Commissioning

 

The project was developed in stages, or sub-projects, each providing the necessary foundations for each of the following stages.

1. Data acquisition
2. Regulator upgrade: the Digitarc Regulator (phase 1)
3. Process analysis
4. Process optimization: the SmartArc for DC EAF (phase 2).

 

The data acquisition stage required the installation of the "Logger System" into report formats that helped gather, analyze and visualize the vast amounts of information generated at the EAF. All variables logged were readily available at the existing PLC network, so no additional expenses on sensors or specialized equipment were necessary.

 

The PLC-based regulator substituted the original analog voltage regulator supplied with the rectifier system, allowing a flexible and more adequate control and regulation strategy. Performance analysis, experimentation and results during and after the regulator commissioning stage, allowed the basis for of the later "SmartArc" optimization stage.

 

Once the regulator benefits were clearly established, the "SmartArc" startup was executed.

EAF Practice Enhancement

During the development and commissioning stages, several practice changes proved beneficial for the Meltshop and success of the project.

1. Scrap mix layering and management concept was changed by providing a fast feedback to the scrap supervisor/crane operator at the end of a heat, allowing a review of the impact on furnace performance according to the scrap mix used.
2. Foamy slag injection practice was modified to upgrade from a pulsing flow regime to a continuous flow model.
3. Improvements were made to the bore in model to minimize scrap "undercutting" that can lead to late scrap caves.
4. Training workshops were held with all EAF operators to explain the smart arc regulation practices and what they would mean.
5. Foamy slag practice improved because the operators had an arc stability reading that allowed them to learn how to make better foam by their direct actions, such as the lance operation.

Results

The guarantees were met successfully and exceeded, and by a continuous exploration of new opportunity areas that appeared with the system installation and within stage development, the actual figure benefit obtained was the following:

 

Quantified Benefits

Reduction Goal

DigitArc™ Reduction

SmartArc™ Reduction

Total Savings

Kwh/Billet Ton

1%

4%

9%

13%

Electrode Consumption

2%

0%

14%

14%

Power On-Time

3%

0%

5% (increase)

5%(increase)

Data showing the improvements in energy consumption are shown in Figure 1. Data on electrode consumption are shown in Figure 2.

 

The above savings are estimated to be $1.25MM/year

 

It should be noted that during the initial startup of Smart Arc, the power on time was reduced by 10% (vs. a goal of 3%), but there was little benefit in electrode consumption or energy consumption. Since the caster already limits the St. Paul plant, a regime was chosen that optimized the reduction of energy and electrodes. The team feels that they will be able to further adjust the arc to achieve optimized results in all three areas.

 

Other Benefits:

An innovation was realized several months into the commissioning that it was possible to run significantly reduced current (15-20KA) without any sacrifice in real power input.  Conventional wisdom on DC furnaces dictates that arc set points above 7mΩ typically lead to an unstable arc. The Smart Arc logic allowed set points up to 9mΩ with no sacrifice in arc stability. The arc was stable at this higher set point when the conditions in the EAF would support it and then shift to a more stable setting during more difficult conditions (i.e. dense scrap). This reduction in current is the major contributor to the reduced electrode consumption.

 

With reduced current came significantly reduced bottom temperatures on the anode. Bottom electrode temperatures immediately dropped over 10% (50° F). This has translated into improvement of bottom life from 1300 heats average to 1500 heats.

 

Another innovation realized was the total automation of the cold startup practices after the down day. DC Furnaces must be started on a low power setting and ramped up slowly when melting on a cold heel. In the past this was performed manually with the operator stepping through the set points manually. Smart Arc provided a more even ramp up that reduced the power on time on the first heat by almost 20 minutes, reduced  the KWH on the first heat by almost 30% and minimized bottom arcing and arc flare in the furnace. In addition, this improved our ability to train new EAF operators in the practices involved in down day startup.

 

In general it was noted that overall melting characteristics were more even and consistent and led to reduction in late scrap caves.

 

Because we were able to run with a more stable arc, plant demand was reduced by 5 MW, which provided almost $75K/year savings.

 

Future Opportunities

The flexibility to run longer more stable arcs in the St. Paul EAF has opened the possibility for future enhancements. Notably:

 

1. Foamy slag is currently only injected through the slag door, causing an uneven distribution of foamy slag, and arc voltages are limited due to refractory erosion in the back of the EAF. The addition of carbon injection
2. in the EBT area will be implemented soon and we expect to be able to run higher stable voltages during the refine period.
3. Foaming on the first charge would provide more opportunity for arc stabilization at higher currents early in the melt. This will require the lime system to be modified to charge all the lime in the first bucket.
4. The addition of a chemical energy package (ie sidewall injectors) would provide more even distribution of energy in the furnace and further improve foaming slags, especially early in the heat. This would allow further optimization of the high voltage, low current arc throughout the entire heat.

 

Conclusion/Opportunities

The performance of the Smart Arc DC Regulator exceeded the expectations of both the AMI-GE and North Star Steel. Considering that the St. Paul EAF has no sidewall injectors or burners, only the door lance, the energy and electrode consumption figures that are achieved approach those typically seen using more significant amounts of chemical energy. The flexibility of the system to tailor the needs of the arc regulator to the changing needs of the process as well as link them to automated processes such as off gas control and chemical injection systems leave significant additional opportunities for improvements in steelmaking efficiencies in the EAF.

About the Author

AMI GE is an international automation and control solutions company.  We automize industrial processes in diverse industries such as: steel, cement, paper industry, oil and gas industry, Car Industry, Mining, among others. We are your best ally, in the optimization, control, efficiency, standardization, and security in your processes. AMI GE offers custom fit solutions for all your requirements.

Gran Tierra Energy Announces Positive Initial Moqueta-1 Exploration Well Results, Colombia
Gran Tierra Energy Inc. , a company focused on oil exploration and production in South America, today announced initial drilling results from Moqueta-1. Oil and gas shows were recorded through the Villeta T Sandstone and the Caballos Formation with electric logs indicating a total potential hydrocarbon net pay of 108 feet in the two primary reservoir zones combined.

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