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Female Flare Connectors
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Double ferrule tube fittings

There are 3 main mechanical methods for connecting two lengths of tube together.

1. Flared fittings - where the end of the tube is flared with a tool and then contained within a nut, sleeve and body.
2. Single ferrule fittings - where the ends of the tube are placed into a fitting with a single compression ring, a body and nut.
3. Double ferrule fittings - where the ends of the tube are placed into a fitting with two separate compression rings, body and nut. (Also known as the twin ferrule fitting, this is not strictly correct as the two rings are of different shape and length.)

For the purposes of this article the focus will be on the double ferrule fitting.

This style of fitting, like all the others, has one basic function. To securely join tubes together in a safe, seal tight assembly. Close tolerance machining on high quality CNC machines allows for consistent production of all components.

The double ferrule fitting has the ability to lock onto the tube with a 'double bite' feature. Each ring bites in to the tube giving two separate sealing areas. This style of fitting does so without transmitting torque or twisting the tube ensuring that the tube does not become 'stressed'. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the tube are maintained. A further sealing point occurs at the bottom of the tube abutment. The abutment has an angle which the tube is forced into when the rings bite and drive the tube forward.

With stainless steel fittings the problem of galling is resolved by the use of silver plating. The internal parts of the nut are the only areas that are plated.

Materials such as high Nickel alloys, high temperature alloys, duplex and super-duplex's are coated with an anti-gall agent in the same way. However, Molybdenum Disulphide can be used as an alternative. These materials are selected in order to be compatible with the fluid media contained within them. For chemical stability the ideal situation is that both tube and fittings are manufactured from the same material type.

There are strict assembly instructions to follow with this product type. The rule states that for the majority of sizes 1-1/4 rotations of the nut, from the finger tight position, will give the correct seal tight assembly. It is permissible to further 'snug' the fitting if a minor leak appears but this is normally unnecessary.

When access to any system is required these fittings provide an excellent 'break-in' point. The joint can be made and re-made many times over without loss of sealing integrity, providing the correct installation instructions are followed.

The strength of the fitting is such that the tube contained will burst before the fitting shows any sign of a leak or movement. This is subject to certain constraints on the wall thickness of the tube. If the wall is too heavy the rings will not bite as well, as when the tube wall is too thin, the tube will collapse rather than allow the rings to bite fully. Reference to the manufacturers' product information should be made in all instances. The tube should generally have a hardness of no more than 80 on the Rockwell 'B' scale.

There are a number of manufacturers of this product type around the world and they generally contain the term 'LOK' in their product name. The major manufacturers encourage users of this product type not to inter-change different products. It is deemed as sacrilege to mix parts from different producers. It must be realised that, with the possible exception of two manufacturers, all bar none are based on the same original design. (The same inventor then went on to design a further two versions of the original design, the two exceptions mentioned previously.) Interchangeability in this product is actually advertised as a positive by some companies. Those same companies quite often offer part number cross referencing in their product literature.

This product is used in many industries including the following:

1. Petrochemical
2. Oil & Gas
3. Water
4. Paper production
5. Hydraulic
6. High pressure systems.
7. Nuclear
8. Offshore
9. Pharmaceuticals
10. Food & Beverage
11. Pneumatics
12. Cryogenics
13. Emission control

Fittings are produced in a vast range of styles with manufacturers offering tees, elbows, unions, male connectors, female connectors and many others. Reducers allow the installers to change from one tube size to another, even from metric to imperial. Unlike the flared fitting, there is no set standard to manufacture the double ferrule fittings to. However, certain unwritten rules apply and all producers use the same method of distinguishing between metric and imperial fittings. A step, or shoulder, is machined on to the metric fitting body below the hexagon portion, and on the front end of the nut. This is also clearly seen in all the manufacturers' literature.

National Pipe Thread

Pipe thread sizes

Nominal

NPT Size

Outer

Diameter

inch (mm)

Threads

per inch

Pitch

of Thread

inch (mm)

1/16"

0.3125 in (7.94 mm)

27

0.03704 in (0.94082 mm)

"

0.405 in (10.29 mm)

27

0.03704 in (0.94082 mm)

"

0.540 in (13.72 mm)

18

0.05556 in (1.41122 mm)

3/8"

0.675 in (17.15 mm)

18

0.05556 in (1.41122 mm)

"

0.840 in (21.34 mm)

14

0.07143 in (1.81432 mm)

"

1.050 in (26.67 mm)

14

0.07143 in (1.81432 mm)

1"

1.315 in (33.40 mm)

11

0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)

1"

1.660 in (42.16 mm)

11

0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)

1"

1.900 in (48.26 mm)

11

0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)

2"

2.375 in (60.33 mm)

11

0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)

2"

2.875 in (73.02 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

3"

3.500 in (88.90 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

4"

4.500 in (114.30 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

5"

5.563 in (141.30 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

6"

6.625 in (168.27 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

10"

10.750 in (273.05 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

12"

12.750 in (323.85 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

14" OD

14 in (355.60 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

16" OD

16 in (406.40 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

18" OD

18 in (457.20 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

20" OD

20 in (508.00 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

24" OD

24 in (609.60 mm)

8

0.12500 in (3.175 mm)

Sometimes these terms may be used:

MIP: stands for Male Iron Pipe, or Male International Pipe, or MPT Male Pipe Thread. It is a term for pipe fitting.

FIP: stands for Female Iron Pipe, or Female International Pipe, or FPT. It is a term for pipe fitting that fit into MIP.

COMPRESSION fitting is a different type of fitting than MIP FIP fitting, COM or CMP. It has 1 5/8" per inch taper, more than FIP.

FLARE fitting: a fitting that has tapered smooth tip, then threaded body. The Male flare fitting will require a female flare fitting. It is usually found in gas line connection, where a tight smooth sealed surface is required.

IPS: Iron Pipe Size thread. Even though the word "Iron" may be used in these abbreviations many materials used are other metals, alloys, or plastics. IPS is taken same as MIP.

Garden Hose:

The difference between FIP MIP and Compression fitting is in the tapering of the thread. FIT has 3/4" per foot taper, or only 1/16" per inch taper; Comp has 1 5/8" per foot, or only 13/96" per inch taper.

A compression fitting has a normal thread (like a screw) and relies on a ferrule (an olive shaped soft copper sleeve) or more commonly a tap washer (fibre or rubber) to provide a watertight seal. For attaching to most taps (plastic or steel) compression fittings are used, and remember to put a washer on! Normally the male threaded member has a blunt end that the washer sits against. Or if it's to fit to a copper pipe, you stick on an olive, which is compressed against the pipe by the adjacent conical seats in the fitting when it is tightened, and holds the pipe watertight. The tubing for compression is usually straight, but the female and male part of fittings thread are also tapered, more taper than FIP MIP. For compression fitting, the taper is 1 5/8" per 1 inch taper. For a 5/8 compression, the inside will be 3/16, the outside will be 23/32" for a distance of 3/16".

A female iron connection has a tapered thread - which thins out to the end of the pipe. As you tighten against it, the ever-decreasing thread depth means that the connection becomes watertight. You'd not use an olive or washer here - instead you use a bit of PTFE tape (polytetrafluoroethylene) wrapped around the thread. So for attaching to radiator bodies you normally have this sort of joint, where you have a hard (non-malleable) material to join to. It requires the opposite end to be MIP.

MIP fittings are usually found in big strong thick copper pipe , iron pipe, steel pipe, gas pipe, gas stove, gas oven, gas heater, gas water heater connection.

Sometimes a household sink tap does not come with a FIP thread end. In the UK - it's normally a standard BSP 1/2" or 3/4" end.(British Standard Pipe). Sometimes it is MIP FIP end. Before 1980, most water plumbings are done with metal fittings (copper, brass, aluminum, soft iron) which compress. Most household wall On-Off-valve (2 in above floor) to bathroom toilet, wash basin sink, kitchen faucet are designed for metal compressible tubing. Thus on-off valves are usually Compression fittings. Before 1980, some (small percentage) wash basin faucets bottom have thick copper metal pipe 2" long, non-compressible, but tapered MIP (very obvious taper). They need FIP fitting connector hoses. After 1980, most faucets are IPS ABS material (strong, hard, durable plastic) and slight tapered, but still have MIP and requires FIP fitting hose on faucet. (1/2" FIP on faucet end). Old faucet with copper tubings from faucet may be 5/8 female compression. Thus a 5/8 male compression to 1/2 MIP fitting adapter (5/8 m-CMP - 1/2 MPT) may be needed. The 5/8 m-comp end is for the wall on-off-valve welded tubing. The 1/2 FIP end is for new hose to 1/2 FIP faucet end. Sometimes old 5/8 might be 1/2, and may need 1/2 m-comp-1/2 MIP instead of 5/8 m-comp-1/2 MIP.

References

Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones, Holbrook L. Horton, and Henry H. Ryffel (2000). ed. Christopher J. McCauley, Riccardo Heald, and Muhammed Iqbal Hussain. ed. Machinery's Handbook (26th edition ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc.. ISBN 0-8311-2635-3. 

See also

AN thread

British standard pipe thread

Pipe fitting

Plumbing

Taps and dies

Threaded pipe

Unified Thread Standard

External links

Newman Tools Inc. and J.W. WINCO, INC. show the Whitworth form BSP or ISO pipe thread.

How much should you tighten a NPT fitting?

National Standard Taper pipe Threads Sizes Chart

Categories: Drilling and threading | Mechanical standards | Piping | PlumbingHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from July 2009 | All articles needing additional references | Articles needing cleanup from July 2009 | All pages needing cleanup

About the Author

I am a professional writer from China Computer Parts, which contains a great deal of information about nylon diaper covers , she made me wear diapers, welcome to visit!

2004 Jeep Wrangler blinker issue?

Just recently purchased new fender flares from Bushwhacker for my '04 Wrangler Sport. During installation, the instructions called for cutting the factory side blinker from its wires so that an included LED side blinker may be installed in it's place. The instructions advise crimping included male wire connectors to the factory wires cut from original side blinker light. Next step was to crimp female wire connectors to the LED blinker light wires so that it could be connected directly to factory wiring.

After installing everything per included instructions, tested the blinkers and the side LED's worked fine. Later that night, i noticed when i turned on the parking lights the LED side blinker lights were not on, nor did they blink when signaling left or right. Was curious as to why the blinkers would work with the parking lights/head lights off but would be inoperable while they were on?

LEDs will only light when electricity flows through them in the correct direction. To use LEDs in the repeaters you need to use ones with in built rectifiers or build your own bridge rectifiers using diodes which must be spliced into the wiring near the fender.

The flare mounted repeaters are not conventionally wired. They do not have normal positive and ground wires. The bulbs are wired to two positive feed circuits. When the lights are off and the indicators flash on the lamps illuminate because they are being grounded through the lighting circuit. When the lights are on and the indicators are off they light because they are grounding through the indicator circuit. When the indicators flash on the repeater lamps then have two positives so no current flows through them and they go off. That's what causes the wig-wag effect when the lights are on.

I have LEDs in the side markers of my 97 TJ, and had to build my own bridge rectifier circuit so they would work as the bulbs would. I can't find the post I made on http://www.jeepforum.com about this but here's the diagram which I still have hosted. Top is a bulb that will light with current going either way. Bottom is an LED which uses diodes to allow current to come from either direction but still pass through the diode in the correct direction to make it light. Here's the pic...
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3206/2839754396_195f154dbc_o.jpg

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