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Each photo editing program offers essentially the same basic functions at their core. The may have slightly different names, they may be found in different places, but their function is pretty much the same. This set of articles will describe the tools as laid out in Photoshop CS2, but the techniques, tips, and tricks in using them will be fairly transferable to different versions or different platforms.

This article continues our series of articles describing the various editing tools available in Photoshop. This article will look at the crop tool. As before, it is not the intention of our articles to suggest when you should use any specific tool, but merely to help you get comfortable with the various elements of each tool.

On the surface of it, the crop tool appears to be one of the more basic tools available in Photoshop. But if you think all you can do is drag a rectangular frame around a selection within your photo, then hit the enter key to delete everything else, you are in for a pleasant surprise.

If that were in fact the limits of the crop function then you could actually achieve that using the rectangular marquee tool to select the desired area of the photo then select the crop option from the Image drop down menu on the toolbar.

Here are some of the lesser known functions that make the crop tool a little more attractive and useful to have at your disposal during your own photo enhancement and restoration projects.

1. Rotate while you Crop

You can of course rotate the image first then carry out a simple rectangular framed crop, but it's handy to know you can do these 2 steps using just the crop tool. After you drag the crop marquee over the image and release the mouse button, you will notice the pointer changing to the double-headed "boomerang" and you can rotate the crop selection frame clockwise or anti-clockwise as necessary. When you are happy with your selection just press enter, or click on the tick mark on the toolbar, or double-click the mouse inside the crop frame to complete the crop.

2. Fixing Perspective while you Crop

You can also fix perspective problems at the same time as cropping by first dragging a crop marquee over the image. Let go the mouse button and click the Perspective checkbox on the toolbar. Now when you drag on a corner of the marquee the corners move independently of each other allowing you to position the marquee along the lines you want to crop to in the image. When you crop the image it is cropped and distorted to create a rectangular image. You can use this to fix distorted perspective in your images or just create some fun results.

3. Hiding the cropped area

Once you have selected an area to crop, you do not actually have to crop it, and you can, instead, simply hide the cropped area rather than permanently deleting it.

To do this, you need to be working on a layer and not the background layer. Drag a crop rectangle over the image and from the tool options bar, select the Hide option. When you double click the cropped area will be hidden but still accessible.

This is useful when you want to crop an image to a particular size as you can essentially create a window onto the image. You can now select the Move tool and reposition the image inside the area that you have cropped it to.

4 Cropping to the same size as your original

To crop a number of photos to exactly the same size as another, select the Crop tool and make active the image you want to match the size of. Just click the Front Image button on the tool bar to set the Crop tool to the dimensions and resolution of the front image.

Select the image you want to crop and drag a crop rectangle over that image. When you double-click to finish, the image will be cropped to the same size as and re sampled to the same resolution as the original image. - in some situations this may mean that the image will have increased in size.

5 Using and customizing crop presets

When you select the Crop tool you can choose from various presets by clicking the dropdown list to the immediate right of the tool in the tool options bar. Click a preset and drag on the image to create the crop marquee. You can switch from a portrait crop to a landscape one by clicking on the opposing arrows button on the tool bar between the width and the height boxes before you draw your frame. Alternatively, if you have already drawn your crop selection frame, you can change between portrait and landscape by rotating the selection frame by 90 degrees. You can do this accurately by holding down the shift key while you rotate as this constrains the rotation to 15 degree intervals.

If you have a particular need to have all your photos a special size then you can create your own custom preset that adds to the list of existing presets. Just set the width, height and resolution in the tool options bar and then activate the fly-out menu from the crop tool drop-down menu and select New Tool Preset. Just give it a descriptive name you will remember and click OK, and it will appear at the bottom of the presets list where you can select and use it anytime in the future.

So remember to explore these options the next time you go to crop an image.

Charlie Templeton set up his online photo restoration and enhancement business in 2006 offering an easy to use, no-obligation service. Check out his website at http://www.caledoniandigital.co.uk for a full range of services provided.

If you don't feel your photo restoration skills are up to scratch yet then let Caledonian Digital take care of your treasured memories. What you see doesn't have to be what you get.

10 Tips for Using Flash in E-learning

 

 

In our last article, we looked at using graphics in e-Learning. Now, we’ll examine another important tool for creating successful course interactions – Adobe Flash™. Flash is a vector-based animation and interactivity program that allows you to create everything from simple animations to complex interactive applications. With its built-in programming language – ActionScript – Flash is fully scriptable and can communicate with several backend database languages. Since the first Flash product appeared (from Macromedia), the e-Learning community has worked with Flash developers and engineers to make Flash content more and more accessible in e-Learning environments.

With its feature-rich list of capabilities, built-in components, and e-Learning output templates, Flash makes a lot of sense for maximizing course content. In this article, we’ll highlight some of the important features of Flash and how they can make your courses shine.

 

1. Animations for Step-by-Step Procedures

 

In 10 Tips for Using Graphics in e-Learning, we saw the importance of using graphics in courses, to strengthen how well they meet learning objectives. We talked about different delivery methods for conveying subject matter, and one of those methods was animation. Flash uses timeline-based animation, which makes it quite easy to build animated movies. Graphical elements may be created directly in Flash, but a majority of developers use other tools that they are more comfortable with – especially Adobe Creative Suite. With Flash CS3, you can now import native Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Photoshop files. You can even convert “layered” files from these programs into Movie Clips and animate the individual layers using keyframes in the timeline.

 

In e-Learning materials, step-by-step procedures can be particularly tricky. Think of the last piece of furniture that you had to put together. How useful were its instructions? One of the things IKEA does well is its non-text instructions for assembling its furniture. These instructions are pure imagery. Take that concept a step further, and you have animation. An animated step-by-step instruction is much more powerful than static imagery. During an animation, you can highlight specific areas, use animated arrows, and express a learning objective much more naturally and effectively.

 

When the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) asked SyberWorks to produce a series of courses for its Bridge-playing members, we used Flash to create animated card-playing sequences, and to illustrate specific turns in games. The card images were prepared in Adobe Illustrator, imported into Flash, and converted into Movie Clips. Using scripts provided by ACBL, we created animations for each play, to illustrate the rules that it represents. Other graphical and text elements were added in Flash to point out parts of the animation. These courses are now delivered to hundreds of Bridge players across the country.

 

 

 

 

2. Easy Audio Integration

 

Adding audio to an HTML-only course presents difficulties for course developers. First, multiple audio formats are available on the web today: WAV, AIF, MP3, M4a, etc. Even worse is the vast array of audio-player applications and their file-type associations, both for Mac and Windows platforms. Having users download specific players is a distraction from the course material, and a potential source of additional problems.

 

Flash, however, supports several audio formats and plays them all using the Flash Player, which has a 98% market penetration. The Flash Player is available in all major browsers and platforms, and is even becoming available in more Internet appliances. You can easily import almost any audio file, add it to the Flash timeline, publish the Flash movie, deliver the course, and be fairly certain that users will be able to hear the audio without having to download an extra player.

 

Another problem with audio is that, if a sound file is not set up to “stream,” there is a chance that some of the sound may drop out. Flash has built-in streaming capabilities, so you can be assured that your audio content will be delivered to users without drop-outs and gaps.

 

At SyberWorks, we use Flash for in-course audio content. Audio is recorded in our audio lab and saved in a common format. The file is then imported into Flash. ActionScript is used in conjunction with on-screen buttons, to allow users to control audio playback. This interactive audio file can then be attached to any course, using the SyberWorks Web Author application.

 

3. Course Navigation

 

How smart is your course navigation? By “smart,” I mean can it communicate with your LMS? Most in-course navigation is pretty boring and perfunctory. If you spice up yours with Flash, your courses will become more useable.

Since Flash can work with SCORM and AICC courses, on-screen buttons can be scripted via ActionScript to send calls to the LMS for certain conditions. A button at the end of a lesson might send a finish statement to the LMS, signifying lesson completion and triggering further actions. Another button might automatically submit the results of a quiz.

 

Better learning experiences are possible, since the entire interface is completely customizable, and buttons are very easy to create in Flash. If you want, you can even use its built-in library of buttons to create your course navigation.

At SyberWorks, we retro-fitted some existing e-Learning courses (developed for restaurant employees) for our LMS, complete with all of the calls necessary for course status and completion. These Flash-based courses had a cohesive look and feel that was much more compelling than a plain-text HTML web experience.

 

 

 

 

4. Creating Simulations

 

Some software tools, such as Camtasia and Captivate, are designed solely for creating software simulations. They have advantages and disadvantages, and SyberWorks does use them, along with other simulation software packages. But what if the software you need to create a simulation for isn’t available on your platform, or only works behind a client’s firewall?

 

When the Palm Pilot came out, I had the opportunity to create a software simulation that showed new owners how to use the device. Since the Palm software only resides on the Palm Pilot, I couldn’t use a PC-based software-simulation tool to capture screens. So I used my scanner and Photoshop, imported the screens and artwork into Flash, and created the simulation.

 

At SyberWorks, we are currently working with an Internet company whose proprietary software (for security reasons) only works on computers behind their firewall. Since we can’t install or use their software in-house, we had to go to the client’s location to take screen shots. Those images were then imported into Flash, captions and highlights were added, and the course material came to life.

 

5. Video

 

Video is becoming more prevalent on the web these days, with the rise of YouTube and other video-streaming services. Video can significantly enhance course materials, but (as with audio) it can be difficult to manage, due to multiple video formats and players. On the PC, AVI is the dominant format and Windows Media Player is the usual player. On the Mac, MOV is the format of choice and the Quicktime Player from Apple is the dominant player. However, there are other video formats and players, including Real media / Real Player and others.

 

When Flash MX 2004 was released, video was a major component. And with Flash CS3, video has become even easier to incorporate. You can deploy video on your own server or on a dedicated Flash Streaming Video Server, for extra bandwidth. Flash has its own video format, called Flash Video (FLV). Flash videos can be played by any Flash movie (SWF) file, so no additional player is necessary. In fact, a majority of the movies found on YouTube were done in the Flash video format.

 

A short demonstration video, not longer than 1 minute, can be embedded in a Flash movie. Anything longer than that can be linked to a Flash movie file and set to progressively download from your server. If you are expecting a lot of traffic and have longer movies, you should use a Flash Video Streaming server. There are many of these FMS services out there, and SyberWorks uses UpStream Networks to host our larger videos.

 

With Flash and ActionScript, it is also possible to do more than just play videos. Cue Points can key off of specific video frames, to control other events. And the new captioning feature can add closed captioning for video segments. At SyberWorks, we created a video of a speaker presenting a slideshow. Cue Points in the video triggered relevant text to appear, and made it seem that the viewer was actually on-site, watching the original presentation.

 

 

 

 

But keep in mind that video is processor-intensive. Consider your audience and the minimum system requirements necessary to view streaming Flash videos. Dropped frames and inconsistent playback can occur on slower machines.

 

6. Drag-and-Drop Interactions

 

A simple multiple-choice quiz can be effective in testing situations, but drag-and-drop interactions can add many useful features of an interactive process. With drag-and-drop interactions, you can simulate experiences that mimic the real world.

Using Flash and ActionScript, drag-and-drop interactions can be created from scratch, using hitTest properties and if conditionals to test whether an object has been dropped on a specific target. If the object has landed on its correct target, the application shows a correct response or visual/audio feedback. If the object is not dropped on its correct target, an incorrect response or visual/audio feedback can occur.

 

In Flash, you can access built-in drag-and-drop (and other) interactions, by going to the Window menu, then to Common Libraries, and then to Learning Interactions. The interactions are ActionScript 2.0 only, but have all of the features necessary to create many desired interactions. You can then use the Flash Component Inspector to configure interactions, change their text, and alter the conditions of their tests.

 

At SyberWorks, we created drag-and-drop interactions to meet the many custom-content needs of our clients. Doing a custom application gives us complete control over both the look and feel of course environments and the parameters of their interactions. Audio also helps to give user feedback for every action, and a final screen tells users how effectively they completed the exercises.

 

7. Components

 

Flash comes with ready-made user-interface components that you can add to courses and configure through the Component Inspector and the Parameters panel. These components include: Radio Buttons, Checkboxes, Text Fields, clickable Selection Buttons, List Boxes, and Combo Boxes. Components in Flash CS3 are easier than ever to customize; simply double-click on a component and edit its “skin.”

ActionScript can call on a specific object and test whether its condition matches a Boolean value, as in a Radio Button or Checkbox. You can even use ActionScript to test for specific conditions and return certain values, to create your own quizzes and test interactions.

 

You can also dynamically update the text for components from an external text file. So application development is much easier now, using Flash Components and ActionScript.

 

 

 

 

8. Dynamic Text

 

As mentioned above, Flash lets you pull text into Dynamic Text fields. You can import variables from a simple text file, or load text from an HTML or XML file. Flash CS3 has expanded its capabilities to handle XML files, with E4X.

You can also use a loader object to bring external text into text fields. This loader object has specific conditions that when met, will display text when the loading is completed (or display an error message if a problem occurred). Dynamic text can be formatted through an external CSS file, or using simple HTML tags. But any text field that will be accepting dynamic text should have all font characters embedded or set to a system font.

 

The major advantage of using dynamic text is flexibility. When the content of your application changes, it’s much easier to change an external text file than to change text embedded in a Flash file. Text that is imported dynamically is cached by the Flash Player, so be sure to clear your cache when you update the content of your app.

 

9. Built-In Quiz Templates

 

In addition to its built-in learning interactions, Flash also offers Quiz templates. Simply go to File, then to New, and in the Templates section, select the Quiz category.

 

There are three Quiz styles to choose from. At the left of the stage, a Control component provides instructions and is governed by the Component Inspector. You can make adjustments to the entire Quiz and choose result options. Each frame in the Quiz template has its own set of learning interactions for you to choose from. So when you need a multiple-choice question, you can copy and paste the frame for multiple-choice questions and modify it as needed.

 

It’s very easy to set up a Quiz from this template. And by default, the Publish settings are set to SCORM 1.2, for sending the template’s Quiz results to an LMS. We’ll talk more about that in the next section.

 

10. Built In SCORM/AICC Support

 

Flash supports the SCORM 1.2 and 2004 standards, as well as AICC. Any application that you develop in Flash (that needs to communicate with the SyberWorks LMS) must be “published” using these templates. Go to the File menu, and then to Publish Settings. Click the HTML tab and choose the appropriate template for the type of tracking you want.

 

In an HTML file that has been published by Flash, you will find a large JavaScript file, containing all of the functions and variables necessary to populate the Application Programming Interface for the LMS. There are also functions for connecting Sharable Content Objects with the LMS.

 

 

 

But keep in mind that Flash does not generate a manifest file for its published content. So you may need to use an external manifest application to collect all of the components in your application, for upload to an LMS. (A manifest file is a library of all of the assets required for a course, including SCO’s, HTML, SWF, and other files.) The SyberWorks LMS supports all SCORM 1.2- and AICC- compliant courses, and our customer-service representatives can help you configure your manifest files, for hosting on our LMS.

 

Summary

 

If you want to give your courses a lot more zing, Flash is a perfect tool for building richer learning experiences. Custom Flash development may take longer than traditional course development, but the extra time it takes is more than offset by improved, more interesting, learning experiences for students.

 

And with Flash, you never need to worry about students being able to view your course materials, including audio and video. Built-in components, learning interactions, and quizzes, plus support for SCORM and AICC standards, make Flash an attractive choice for creating compelling e-Learning courseware.

About the Author

Al Lemieux is a Senior Designer at SyberWorks, Inc. SyberWorks (www.syberworks.com) is a custom e-Learning solutions company that specializes in Learning Management Systems, e-Learning solutions, and custom online course development. Al is also a frequent contributor to the Online Training Content Journal. The Online Training Content Journal blog looks at best practices, techniques, and trends in online training development and e-Learning instructional design.

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