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File-extensions are created for each new technology and software innovation, but they also need to maintain continuity with previous platforms. This means that, through the intertwining of these platforms and technologies, file-extensions have become a sort of short-hand for the modern history of software development.
As an example we can start with the generic .DAT file extension used, as the name might suggest, for storing data. It's hard to put a date on which application was the first to create .DAT files, but it's a pretty reasonable guess to say that it probably goes all the way back to the earliest days of modern PCs as we understand them now, so probably some time in the 70s or 80s.
The .DAT file format is one of the most popular found in computing and a .DAT file could have been created by just about any software available. Applications will create these files simply to store data for their own consumption, although they are commonly used by computer games. Although any text editor will probably be able to open a .DAT file, the precise format of the .DAT file will depend on the program that created it.
Creating and storing raw data output on one computer is simple enough. However when files started to get larger, and needed to be transmitted over networks, you then need to start worrying about the size and integrity of the file (whether errors had been introduced for example). Although file compression has been around at least since IBM's SQUOZE program in the 1960s, the first popular and widely used compression tool of the PC era was PKZIP.
Developed by the late Phillip Katz, PKZIP was important in making the Internet effective, back in the days when Internet access meant squeezing your content in through a 56K modem. A more recent alternative, developed by Eugene Roshal is the patented .RAR format which, although slower, delivers higher levels of compression than most alternatives. More modern data archiving formats will also offer error recovery and be able to split (and later recombine) larger files into smaller sub-files, for transmission over a network.
So if we have moved from the days of raw data files, on stand alone PCs, through to the advent of large scale networked computing and the related arrival of data compression technologies, we now enter the next stage in data storage and transmission where users are looking to store, and transmit, a richer range of content including music and video, to and from, a broader range of devices that no longer include just PCs, but PDAs and even mobile phones. A popular example of one of the new generation of modern container file formats, popular with mobile phones, is the .3GP data format (and the closely related .3G2).
Defined for use on 3G mobile phones by the Third Generation Partnership Project 3GP files are a multimedia files that, in turn, contain various types of compressed data. Since its launch in 1998 3GP has become the standard format for transferring audio and video files between 3G enabled phones and the Internet. So we can see that the development and evolution of different file types, with their related file extensions, over time, offers a fascinating insight into the evolution of the underlying technology.
Uniblue, a Microsoft Gold Certified Partner maintains various online libraries, one of which is related to file extensions. Check out Uniblue's library for more details about file extension 3GP, DAT and RAR data format.
Outsourcing Personal Data:just How Secure is It?
As companies seek greater ways to find cost savings, the lure of contracting cheap labor overseas continues to grow. Outsourcing overseas is becoming increasingly common in the banking, financial services, retailing, insurance, and telecommunications sectors. But when companies choose to outsource the processing of sensitive personal information, are they losing control of security as well?
Securing personal data within our own borders seems to be challenging enough. On February 7, 2006, one of Massachusetts’ largest hospitals, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, said that it mistakenly faxed sensitive confidential patient information to an incorrect business fax number and is conducting an internal investigation into the matter.
Last year, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina inadvertently printed Social Security numbers on envelopes it recently sent to 629 of its members.
Sending data processing tasks overseas doesn’t appear to relieve security concerns. Not long ago, a woman in Pakistan recently struck fear among executives who outsource. She had obtained sensitive patient documents from the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center through a medical transcription subcontractor that she worked for, and she threatened to post the files on the Internet unless she was paid more money. The transcriber ultimately rescinded her e-mailed threat, and the UCSF Medical Center fired the contractor who hired the subcontractor who was ultimately responsible for the Pakistani woman's work, but this incident exposed the fact that the hospital wasn't keeping track of exactly where its medical records were going or who had access to them.
To put the risks in perspective, India’s National Association of Software and Services companies reported recently that India’s outsourcing industry is creating jobs at the rate of nearly 100,000 a year, and its revenue is growing more than 40% annually. Analyst first Gartner Inc. estimates that global spending on offshore outsourcing services will top $50 billion by 2007. Many of these outsourced operations involve handling and processing customer transactions and sensitive personal information, and most U.S. companies aren’t ramping up security measures at these locations to manage that growth.
The United States has never enacted a comprehensive data protection or privacy law, and even highly-regulated data (such as healthcare information subject to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations and financial information subject to the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA)) are not subject to any trans-border regulations. However the lack of a data privacy law dealing with outsourcing does not mean that a company’s use of off-shore vendors is without risk. The U.S. laws do impose various obligations on companies to maintain the privacy and security of its U.S. databases, and these obligations necessitate that the company ensure the requirements of law are met.
But just because a company transfers the performance of a function to a third party, it does not mean that the company can also transfer its legal compliance obligations with respect to the performance of that function. In fact, despite transferring the function, the firm may well remain legally responsible to interested third parties (such as government entities, customers, employees, other vendors) for the successful performance of the function, and in some instances, the company may be responsible for ensuring that the processes used to perform the transferred function conform to applicable regulations. Of course, in addition to legal troubles, the public relations fallout for a company who falls prey to a data security breach can be devastating.
So what steps should a company take to secure their outsourcing operations abroad and protect customer data?
First and foremost, a strong and well-understood security policy must be put in place and followed vigorously before any data is outsourced overseas.
In addition:
· Visit the outsourcing site, and require the outsourcing vendor to provide proof of a security audit by a reputable third party or industry group. The vendor should demonstrate policies, procedures and technical safeguards are equal to or better than the company’s.
· Conduct a remote vulnerability scan to determine what internal information the company can access from the outside.
· Require the outsourcing vendor to encrypt all data in storage and in transit, and physical security controls should be in place to mitigate the risk of data leaving the facility via any media, recording devices, cameras and hard copies.
· Provide only partial information about a customer – not the full profile.
When executing a written contract with the outsourcer, the following provisions should be included:
· A prohibition on the service provider from disclosing or using data or information for any purpose other than to carry out the contracted services.
· The service provider should provide a copy of all customer data in its possession or control upon request.
· Never grant any subcontractor access to the outsourcer’s data unless the company has approved the subcontractor and assumes all security provisions of the outsourcing agreement.
· The outsourcer should be precluded from holding data hostage in the event of a dispute.
· The contract should be reviewed by counsel experienced in the outsourcer’s country’s laws to determine the enforceability of all aspects of the contract.
Finally, a company should develop a formal plan for responding to “worst case scenario” type events, such as misappropriation of personal data. It would identify both local legal resources that could be called upon quickly as well as the legal recourse that would be sought in the event of a security incident or breach of contract.
About the Author
Daniel A. Pepper is the founder of Pepper Law Group, LLC, a law firm based in Somerville, New Jersey which provides strategic advice and sophisticated legal services to businesses, entrepreneurs, and entertainers in the areas of technology law, intellectual property, Internet law, entertainment law, business formation and general business counsel, and privacy and security law.
Dan is a member of the State Bars of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the District Courts for the District of New Jersey and Western Pennsylvania, the American Bar Association, the American Corporate Counsel Association, the Internet & Computer Law Committee of the New Jersey State Bar Association, the Somerset County Business Partnership, the Philadelphia Volunteer Lawyers for the Arts, and the Free Speech Coalition. Dan has received a BV peer-review rating by Martindale-Hubbell, which is an indication of an exemplary reputation and well-established practice. He is also a member of the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences and the Licensing Executives Society. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University, and his Juris Doctor degree from the Duquesne University School of Law. More information on the firm can be found at http://www.informationlaw.com or by telephone at 908.698.0330
FPI Overnight Brief: April 30, 2010
The Iranian opposition leader Mir Hussein Moussavi released a video statement on Thursday calling on workers and teachers to join the reformist cause, in a bold new attempt to broaden and energize the country’s flagging protest movement.
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