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anthropological and socioeconomic studies of agricultural pratices of uri,baramullah,kashmir
ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN URI TEHSIL OF BARAMULAAH DISTRIC
Prof ghulam mohyuddin wani conceived and developed the concept note which was executed through the following composite team of experts and NGoS
S. No.
Name
Designation
- Mr. Abdul Majid Tantray
Asstt. Prof.Extension (DEE)
- Dr. Raihana
Asstt. Prof.(Agronomy,DEE)
- Dr.Harinder Singh
Asstt.Prof.(Agronomy,DEE)
- Dr. D.Ram
Asstt. Prof.(Soils at DEE)
- Mrs. Nasreen Jahan
- Asstt. Prof.(Home Science,DEE)
- Mrs. Farahnaz Rasool
Asstt.Prof.(Plant Pathology,DEE).
- Miss.Rafiya Munshi
SMS (Home Science,DEE)
Mrs. Beenish Shakeel
SMS (Home Science,DEE)
- Mr. Mushtaq ahamad
Photographer(DEE)
- Dr. Sheikh Muzaffar
Prog,Coordinator KVKBaramulla
- Dr.S.R.Singh
- Asstt. Prof.(Pomology)
- Dr. Qazi Altaf Hussain
Asstt. Prof. FMAP
- Dr. Kousar Parveen
Asstt. Prof.(Olericulture)
Dr. M. A. Chatoo
Asstt. Prof. (Olericulture)
Dr. Tariq Ahmed Shah
Asstt. Prof. (Plant Pathology)
Dr. Khurshid Ahmad
Assitt. Prof. (Plant Pathology)
- Mr.Muzaffar Hussain Dar
SDAO Uri
Mr. Mohd. Qasim
SMS, Uri
- Mr. Manzoor Ahamad
AEO Uri
Mr. M. Latief Khan
AEO, Uri
Mrs. Tasneem Kouser
AEO, Chandenwari
Mr. Jatinderjit Singh
Agric. Assitt. Boniyar
- Mr. Rafiq Ahamad
Deptt. of Fisheries
F.S.Fisheries
Mr. Manzoor Ahmed Peer
HDO, Uri
Dr. Anwar Hussain
VAS, Uri
Miss. Sudbeer Kaur
LA, Uri
Mr. Assadullah Aziz
APO, Aga Khan Foundation
Mr. Moulvi Manzoor
Farmer, Isham
Mr. Manzoor Ahmad
Teacher, Limber
Mr. Zahid Ahmad
Teacher , Limber
Mr. Gh. Qadir Dar
Master II, Limber
Mr. M. Ramzan Nazar
Farmer, Limber
Mr. Gh. Qadir Lone
Farmer, Limber
Mr. Syed Rafiq Hussain
Sarpanch, Noorkah
36-59.
Isham Farmers Group (24 Rrespondents)
60-80.
Limber Farmers Group (21 Respondents)
81-95.
Noorkhah Farmers Groups (15 Respondents)
96-110.
Chandanwari Women Group (15 Respondents)
I- INTRODUCTION
Uri is one of the Tehsils of district Baramulla spread over an area of 25192 hectares with a population of 104159 persons which comprises of 54989 males and 49170 females. It lies in the North-Western parts of district Baramulla at 73o 59’ 18.26 E and divided in two administrative blocks viz: Uri and Boniyar having 33 Panchayat halquas with a number of 90 villages. The Tehsil is well demarcated in sub tropical and temperate agro-climatic zones, where summer temperature average goes up to 360 C and occasionally falls below 00 C in sub-tropical areas. It is surrounded by lofty mountains with deep ravines, terraced land and is one of the boarder Tehsil near LOC. The river Jehlum is flowing through the area and is the major source of Hydroelectric Power production of the J&K State. The population is mostly settled on mountain terrains and scattered in small Hamlets with low population density and poor road connectivity. Altitude of the area varies from 1100 meters to 2200 meters. Farmers are having small size of land holdings on these terraces.
The farming in the area is dominated by growing of crops like maize, paddy, wheat, oats, pulses (mostly rajmash), both as irrigated and rain fed. Among the vegetables both Rabi and kharief vegetables are grown in the small kitchen gardens for the domestic purposes only. However, growing of field peas and potato in some of the villages for commercial purposes have developed keen interest among some farmers based on their rich experiences. Generally, in higher altitude belts mono cropping and at lower belts double cropping is in practice at many places. High altitude hills are covered with Pine and Deodar trees and at foothills there is a scanty vegetation of trees like pear, walnut, peach, apple, olive, lemon, and wild apricot etc. The fruit trees are scattered and as such hardly any orchard can be seen in the area. Further, they are with out any layout and are mismanaged. The number of fruit trees (local cultivars/ wild) varied from 8-10 trees per house hold. Naturally tall walnut trees and uncared pear trees are seen in good numbers in the area and on interaction people report meager yields.
Livestock population consists of keeping of 1-2 cattle (local/ cross bred cows, bulls, buffaloes). Sheep, goat and poultry are also reared at domestic level with the indigenous breed and methods. The reported sheep and goat population is 81940 and 27390 respectively and mostly does not exceed 3-4 numbers per household. Cross breeding exists up to some extent in sheep only. Indigenous poultry birds few in number for domestic purposes is a common practice with some of the farm families. Traditional method of bee keeping is still in practice in some village hamlets.
Generally, the people are economically backward and the situation becomes further aggravated due to low productivity, unemployment / underemployment, lack of communication and basic facilities such as education and health. Majority of the people suffer from malnutrition and under nutrition and the worst hit group is children and women. Most of the aged women are illiterate and are suffering from orthopedic problem to a large extent. Further, the mothers were not equipped with health related information such as proper timely immunization schedule for their children.
II-METHODOLOGY
The reorganization process of extension system has lead to the establishment of three ATMAs (agricultural technology and management agencies) in three districts and a SAMETI (State agriculture management extension training institute) in Jammu & Kashmir. The Director Extension Education SKAUST-K is also looking after as Director SAMETI. In order to prepare SREP for the agro-climatic zones of the valley, training programmes and conducting of PRA has now been a regular feature of the SAMETI activities. It is in this connection that Director SAMETI instructed to prepare a Strategic Research and Extension Plan (SREP) through PRA techniques by deputing multidisciplinary team of experts /scientists of SKUAST-K to Uri tehsil of district Baramulla from 16th to 21st of July 2007. The team comprised of scientists/ experts from Extension Education, Agronomy, Pomology, Soil Science, Floriculture, Home Science, Plant protection and Olericulture.
The team along with KVK Programme Coordinator, Baramulla proceeded to Uri on 16th July 2007 from Shalimar Campus and on reaching Uri started working on the assignment.
1. Rapport Building
In order to have a brief idea about the climatic conditions, natural resources, ecology, needs of farming community and opportunities etc. prior to make a plan of PRA the team first of all visited to the office of SDAO, Uri of Development Department.
An interaction meeting was arranged with the officers and field functionaries of development departments, NGOs, scientists and farmers of the locality and gathered some important information on the above aspects. This interaction meeting was also helpful in deciding the representative villages for PRA according to the agro-ecological situations. In each representative village group of farmers of different ages were gathered in the schools / central places of the villages and they were taken in to confidence through informal discussions. Some ideas were exchanged and slowly the discussion was diverted towards the farming allied issues. The groups were convinced and readily shared the required information.
2. Conducting of PRA
For the purpose of SREP, the Tehsil was divided in to three agro –ecological situations (AES) mainly on the basis of altitude because tehsil. Uri comprises of prominent high and low altitude belts with entirely different cropping pattern.
The various AESs as identified are given below.
S.No.
Name
Situation
Representative village
Altitude
1
AES-1
Sub-tropical
Isham
1300m amsl
2
AES-2
Temperate
Limber
1800m amsl
3
AES-3
Sub-temperate
Noorkhah
1420m amsl
3. Transect Walk
After the selection of three representative villages the team along with the villagers had a transect walk of each village to acquaint themselves with the village resources and its boundaries.
4. Mapping
Some of the farmers were requested to draw map of the each village using the materials like drawing sheets, pencils, erasers, etc. provided by the resource personnel. While others were encouraged to make correction where ever they felt the need. Through his exercise the team achieved the social and resource mapping of the village.
5. Wealth ranking
Wealth ranking was done by direct and indirect questioning of the farmers on the basis of gross income /month / household without hurting their sentiments and accordingly two income groups i.e. resource rich and resource poor were identified in each village. The number of lower income groups /resource poor with an income up to Rs 2000/month is the basis of consideration.
6. Existing farming system
To know the existing farming systems, different farming enterprises with their contribution and combination being followed were critically analyzed and identified. The farming systems differ according to agro–ecological situations.
7. Gap Analysis
Gap analysis was done on the basis of recommended farming situation based extension. The recommended practice was compared with the existing practice and extent of gap evaluated. The specific reasons for the gap were enquired and the farmers were encouraged to propose strategies for filling the gaps. On the basis of above findings SREP has been formulated for the representative village.
III - GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE REPRESENTATIVE
VILLAGES AND THEIR SREP
Isham Village
Resource (Income groups)
S.No
Income group (Rupees/Month)
No of Families
Percentage
1
Up to 8000
113
62.78
2
8001-12000
45
25.00
3
More than 12000
22
12.22
Total
180
100 %
Wealth Ranking
S.No
Category
No of Families
Percentage
1
Resource poor
106
58.89
2
Resource Rich
74
41.11
Total
180
100.00
Existing Farming Enterprise
S.No
Enterprise
No. of households
Percentage
1
Agriculture
159
88.5
2
Horticulture
125
69.5
3
Animal Husbandry
122
68.0
4
Sheep Husbandry
54
30.0
5
Poultry Keeping
104
58.0
Existing Farming System
S.No
Existing Farming system
No. of households
Percentage
1.
Agriculture + Horticulture+ Animal Husbandry
94
52.0
2.
Agriculture + Horticulture+ Poultry Keeping
54
30.0
3.
Agriculture + Horticulture+ Sheep Husbandry
32
18.0
Total
180
100.0
Contribution of different enterprises (%)
Enterprise-wise gaps in adoption and proposed extension strategies of the selected villages
AES-1 Village- Isham, Altitude- 1300m amsl, Tehsil- Uri,
A) Agriculture
S. No.
Item of package
Recommended Practices
Existing practices
Gap in adoption
Specific reason for gap
Farmers proposed extension strategies
1
Paddy
i
seed rate
50-60kg/ha
100-120kg/ha
partial
-Risk coverage against availability of seed, water, weed and bird damage etc.
-Training cum demonstration on handling farmers own seeds, their treatment and use of inputs for taking healthy nursery.
ii.
variety
Shalimar rice-1, Jehlum K-39
Chinese variety K-39
Partial
-Non-availability of seed and technology of latest varieties
-Demonstration cum training on latest released rice varieties, laying of OFT’s on successful cultivation of Basmati rice
iii.
transplanting time and method
appropriate time is 25th may-10 June with 3-4 seedlings/ hill
First fortnight of June and planting 8-10 seedlings /hill
Partial
-For coverage of seasonal risks and get more plant population established in the field
-OFT on sowing dates for commencement of exact week/date for transplanting and number of plants
iv
Fertilizer application (Urea,DAP,MOP)
Urea-10kg, DAP6.5kg, MOP1.7kg/ kanal
Urea5kg and DAP5kg/kanal
Partial
-Lack of awareness about the use of balanced dose of fertilizer.
-Not available at the right time
-Training cum demonstration on role and efficient use of fertilizer application.
v
Method of fertilizer application
Basal + Top doses
Using basal dose of the available fertilizers only
-do-
-do-
-do-
vi
Insect/ pest problems
IPM
Nil
Full
-lack of awareness in IPM
-Facing the problem of grasshopper almost every year
Training courses to be organized for insect/ pest control especially with reference to grasshopper
vii
Disease problem
IDM
Nil
Full
-Not aware about seed treatment and control measures about any disease
-However, a good number of farmers reported occurrence of Blast in some fields
-Orientation training programmes with regard to disease complex of the crop
-Importance of seed treatment and method
-Application of chemicals to control disease
viii
Yield
3-4 quintal/ kanal
1.3-1.6quintal/kanal
Partial
Lack of general awareness, training and availability of inputs about recommended rice production technology of the state
Organizing awareness camps and training programmes
2
Maize
i
variety
Mansar, C-6, C-8
Local (Francece)
Full
-Unawareness
-Showing preferences for growing white maize for their food
Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes
ii
Seed rate
1 kg /kanal for line sowing and 1.5kg/kanal for broadcast
4-5 kg/kanal through broadcast only
Partial
-To ensure good plant population
-More labour intensive
Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation which is also feasible for intercropping practicing in the area
iii
Fertilizer
7 kg urea, 6.5 kg DAP, 2.5 kg MOP and 1 kg ZnSo4/kanal
Applying only urea @ 2 kg /kanal at knee high stage
Partial
Unawareness and non availability of the fertilizers
Training on use of fertilizers for growth and development of
iv
Insect/pest /Diseases
Control of cut-worm ,maize stem-borer and sheath blight
Sowing more seed than the recommended seed rate
Full
Do not know about the type and use of chemicals
Training on management /control of insect /pest/diseases
v
Yield
2.5-3 q/kanal
1-1.2 q/kanal
Partial
Growing of local cultivars only and no pest control
Demonstration cum training on improved maize variety
3.
Wheat
i
variety
HS 240
Local
Full
-Unawareness
Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes
ii
Seed rate and method
5-6 kg/kanal in line sowing
8-10 kg/kanal through broadcast only
Partial
-To ensure good plant population
- Lack of quality seed
- No manual seed drill
Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation.
iii
Seed treatment
Carboxin @ 2g/kg of seed
Nil
Full
-Unawareness
Training cum demonstration on the Importance of seed treatment
iv
Yield
30-40 q/ha
10-12 q/ha
partial
- Use of local seed
- Not popular crop but growing generally for fodder.
-Popularization of wheat as food crop and its fitness in the rice-wheat system. Demonstration should also be conducted on the system.
- Introduction of fodder crops (Oat, berseem etc.)
B) Horticulture
Pear, apricot, walnut low chill apple, olive and lemon are grown in the area. Pear and apricot, matures a month earlier than valley and fetch higher returns to the growers. Walnuts of the areas are not up to the mark due to higher temperature at maturity. Olive of best quality is grown in the area. Lemons are found growing in lower areas but are of poor quality.
1
Walnut
S. No
Packages
Recommended
Existing
Gap (%)
Reason for gap
Farmers proposed strategy
1.
Variety
Hamdan, Sulaiman or better clonal selections
Seedling origin plants
100
Non availability of planting material and unawareness
To train some local unemployed youth to establish the nursery.
2
Spacing
8 x 8
No systematic planting of orchard
100
unawareness and undulated lands
-
3
Manure
20kg /Tree
Nil
-
unawareness
-
4
Fertilizer
Urea-3915g
DAP-1085g
MOP-2490g
nil
-
unawareness
Needs awareness programme
5
Pest and disease management
Spray of insecticide and fungicides
Nil- but walnut weevil is the major problem.
-
unawareness
Needs awareness programme
6
Irrigation
Required
Nil – though plenty of water is available.
unawareness
Need awareness programme
2.
Pear
1.
Variety
Bartlet, Max red Bartlet, Chinese sand pear,
Bartlet, William Bartlet
50
Lack of new introduction
Introduction of high yielding coloured varieties
2
Spacing
6 x 6
No systematic planting of orchard
100
unawareness and undulated lands
-
3
Manure
20 /Tree
Nil
-
unawareness
-
4
Fertilizer
Urea-1065g
DAP-650g
MOP-1500g
Nil
-
unawareness
Needs awareness programme
5
Pest and disease management
Spray of insecticide and fungicides
Nil
-
unawareness
Needs awareness programme
6
Irrigation
Required
Nil – though plenty of water is available.
unawareness
Need awareness programme
3.
Apricot
1.
Variety
Charmagz , Kaisa, Gilgiti sweet,Amba, Quetta, Sukerpara
Unidentified varieties
50
Lack of new introduction
Introduction of high yielding varieties
2
Spacing
6 x6
No systematic planting of orchard
100
unawareness and undulated lands
-
3
Manure
10 /Tree
Nil
-
unawareness
-
4
Fertilizer
Urea-850g
DAP-325g
MOP-11250g
Nil
-
unawareness
Needs awareness programme
5
Pest and disease management
Spray of insecticide and fungicides
Nil
-
unawareness
Needs awareness programme
6
Irrigation
Required
Nil – though plenty of water is available.
unawareness
Need awareness programme
4.
Olive
1.
Variety
Leccino, Coratina, Pendolino
Frontoio
Ramya, Nikitshaya
Leccino, Coratina, Pendolino
Frontoio
50
Lack of lack of high oil yielding varieties like Ramya, Nikitshaya
Introduction of high oil yielding varieties
2
Spacing
6 x6
No systematic planting of orchard
100
unawareness and undulated lands
-
3
Manure
20 /Tree
Nil
-
unawareness
-
4
Fertilizer
1.2kgN
0.80kgP2O5
0.40 k2O
Applying only N in form of Urea
80
unawareness
Needs awareness programme
5
Pest and disease management
Spray of insecticide and fungicides
Nil
-
unawareness
Needs awareness programme
6
Irrigation
Required
Nil – though plenty of water is available.
unawareness
Need awareness programme
There is a large wild vegetation of Indian olive (Olea cuspidata) which may be rejuvenated through top working of high yielding varieties. Lemons are growing in lower areas are of poor quality and there is a good chance for introduction of kinnow in the area for economic production. Allison and Abbott varieties of kiwifruit and day neutral straw berry can also be introduced for crop diversification.
C) Vegetables
S.No
Packages
Recommended
Existing
Gap
Reason for gap
Farmers proposed strategy
Kharief Vegetables
1.
Kharif vegetables and varieties
Cole crops, cucurbits, Solaneaceous and beans etc.
with different high yielding varieties.
growing only few selected vegetables like kale, cucumber, bottle gourd, chillies brinjal tomato and potatoes using local seeds
Partial
- Unawareness about growing of vegetables using modern technologies
- Lack of improved / high yielding varieties of vegetable seed
Creating awareness by organizing camps and training programmes on Kharif vegetables
2.
Nursery raising of vegetables
Open, Hot bed and polyhouse technologies
Growing nursery in open beds.
Partial
- Unawareness and lack of knowledge about other methods
Organizing of training programmes for vegetable nursery management
3.
Level of Cultivation
Domestic and commercial
Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards
Partial
- Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value
Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home.
4.
Plant protection
Seed treatment and IPM
Not undertaking any plant protection measure and face problems of cut worms, borers and wilt in chillies.
Full
- Lack of knowledge and method of controlling the vegetable disease and pests
Training cum demonstration on IPM in vegetables
5.
Use of FYM and Fertilizers
Use of sufficient quantity of well decomposed FYM and balanced dose of fertilizers
Using only FYM and a little quantity of urea
partial
- Lack of knowledge and non availability of in puts.
Organizing a training programme on Integrated Nutrient Management in vegetales
Rabi Vegetables
1.
Rabi vegetables and varieties
Root, leafy, bulbs and tuber vegetables
Growing only selected vegetables like Kale, turnip and radish
Partial
- Generally unaware about the Rabi vegetables and root vegetables not growing well
Awareness cum training programme on cultivation of Rabi vegetables
2.
Level of cultivation
Domestic and commercial
Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards
Partial
- Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value
Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home.
3.
Post Harvest
Various post harvest technologies for vegetables
Following only natural sun drying methods in some vegetables
Partial
- Lack of knowledge about various post harvest technologies
Training programmes related to post harvest technologies may be organized.
D) Livestock (Cattle, sheep, goat and poultry)
S.No
Item
Recommended
Existing
Gap
Reason for gap
Farmers proposed strategy
1.
Breed
1. Cattle
2. Sheep & Goat
cross-bred
cross-bred
Local and cross-bred
Local and cross-bred
Partial
Partial
- Lack of AI facilities and repeated heat in most of the animals
Lack of breeding rams
Intensification of cross-bred programme
Training programme on organizing viable sheep and goat units
2
Feed
Fodder and concentrate ration
Mostly Fodder
Partial
unawareness about the feeding schedule
-Training on feeding schedule of animals
3.
Health
Regular dosing and vaccination
Nil
Full
Lack of knowledge about animal diseases and their control
Training programme on Management of prominent diseases like FMD in cattle, foot rot and skin problems in sheep.
4.
Milk yield
10-15 litres/day/cow
3-5 litres/day/cow
Partial
local breed and management
Awareness camp on Scientific animal rearing for higher yields and returns.
5.
Poultry
1. Breed
2. Feed
3. Health
4. General Management
Broilar (COBB), Vanraja
Recommended balanced concentrate ration as per age and type
Regular dosing and vaccination
Recommended scientific practices
Local
Mostly feeding on household wastes
Nil
Practicing indigenous methods (Backyard poultry)
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Unawareness and Non-availability of germplasm
Lack of knowledge about balanced feeding and their preparation
Lack of knowledge about poultry diseases and their control
Commercial poultry units are costly and risky
Introduction of new breeds like Vanraja etc.
Training programme on Poultry feeds and feeding schedule
Training programme on Management of prominent diseases like ranikhet and cocidiosis etc.
Popularizing poultry through establishment of demonstration units.
E) Home science
The survey data analysis reveals some useful results relating to the sex-wise demographic statistics, socio-economic conditions, source of income, occupational status, educational literacy, health conditions, living standards, agricultural status, horticultural practices, veterinary services, etc.
Health status of women and the facilities available
The women during house-to-house survey expressed that they cannot avail health facilities in the area and have to cover a long distance at the time of emergency, either to Baramulla or to Srinagar. Further, it was observed that the women above 30 years of age were mainly illiterate and only a small no of them were able to write their names. The women were not equipped with any health related information, even they were not aware of he proper immunization schedule for their children. No professional help was available in the area for facilitating deliveries of the pregnant women. They were also unaware of the birth control measures and the importance of balanced diet during pregnancy and lactation. The women above 45 years of age were suffering from bone and joint pain largely. However, anemia and malnutrition was common among the adolescent girls. Besides, some women also complained of the stomach problems. The percentage of commonly found diseases among the different age groups of the women in Isham village is given as.
Health status of women in Isham (percentage of disorders found)
S.No
Health condition
Females(age-group)
5-20 years
20-35 years
Above 35
1
Normal Health
50
35
40
2
Malnutrition and anemia
45
40
24
3
Orthopedic Problem
2
25
65
4
Stomach Problem
-
25
30
Health Status and Medical Facilities Availed by Pregnant women
The survey data reveals that only 15-20 %of pregnant women seek medical checkup from district hospitals, located at a long distance from the area. The 24-hour food recall method was also used to know about the nutritional intake of the women and it was found the food intake of these women was too low than the recommended allowances for the condition., thus leading to various disorders among them. An analysis of the data revealed that the pregnant and lactating women were malnourished, anemic and were suffering from the various diseases due imbalanced diets
Analysis of the main nutrient intake of the lactating mothers
(Adult-moderate worker)
S.No
For lactating mothers
K.cal
Proteins(gms)
Calcium(mg)
1
Recommended allowances/day
2725
70
1000
2
Nutrient intake /day
1945
43
685
3
Gap found/day
-780
-27
-315
The data analysis shows that the diet taken every day by a pregnant woman is less in essential nutrients i.e.780 K.calories from carbohydrates and fats, 27 grams of proteins and 315 mg Calcium. Which in turn has resulted in the occurrence of various deficiencies among them and the incidences of anemia and malnutrition are increasing day by day in the area. These depleted intakes were found to be because of poor selection of foodstuffs on daily routine basis and the improper methods of cooking used.
Schooling Facilities
The area has one Govt. high school constructed by air force-India and has a primary school. All of the 24 families visited, used to send their children irrespective of sex to the school. However, it was found that the girls usually discontinue their studies after the Matric due to unavailability of the higher secondary school in the area and families do not prefer to send their wards to the far off places for the further studies. Besides, a private school was also present in the area. People also complained that they are not getting the private tuition facilities for their children.
Limber Village
The limber village of Boniyar block is one of the representative villages for temperate agro-eco situation of the region at an altitude of 1800 meters. The village is spread over an area of 394 ha of land and 170 ha are under different crops out of which only 86 ha have the irrigation facility. The major source of irrigation is Limber Nala flowing through the village, otherwise the remaining crops and area is rain fed. Due to difficult terrain and lack of irrigation facilities mono-cropping is mostly followed. Mostly Maize is grown as major food crop and paddy is rarely grown. The village comprises of Thirteen Patties (Hamlets) seven upper (choolan, saranwala, bela, babagale, brren/gujjar, budrali, langer) and six (haran, shahkoot, jamia masjid, kharhar, jungri, suchin) in lower parts of the Limber. The number of households is 480 with a total population of 3277 persons comprising of 1830 males and 1447 females. 835 persons have been categorized as schedule tribes. The family size ranges from 4-12 members per household.
Resource (Income groups)
S. No
Income group (Rupees/Month)
No of Families
Percentage
1
Up to 8000
411
85.63
2
8001-12000
23
4.79
3
More than 12000
46
9.58
Total
480
100 .00
Wealth Ranking
S.No
Category
No of Families
Percentage
1
Resource poor
398
82.92
2
Resource Rich
82
17.08
Total
480
100 .00
Existing Farming Enterprise
S. No
Enterprise
No. of households
Percentage
Agriculture
412
85.83
Horticulture
91
18.96
Animal Husbandry
137
28.54
Sheep Husbandry
63
13.13
Goat Rearing
91
18.96
Poultry Keeping
274
57.08
Bee Keeping
46
9.58
Mushroom
48
10.00
Existing Farming System
S. No
Existing Farming system
No. of households
Percentage
1.
Agriculture +Animal Husbandry+
Sheep Husbandry/ Goat Rearing
423
88.1
2.
Agriculture + Horticulture +
Poultry Keeping
57
11.9
Total
480
100%
Contribution of different enterprises (%)
AES-2 Village- Limber, Altitude- 1800m amsl, Tehsil- Uri,
S. No
Item of package
Recommended Practices
Existing practices
Gap in adoption
Specific reason for gap
Farmers proposed extension strategies
A) Agriculture
1
Maize
i
variety
C-15
Local (Double & Tramen)
Full
-Unawareness
-Showing preferences for growing white maize for their food
Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes
ii
Seed rate
1 kg /kanal for line sowing and 1.5kg/kanal for broadcast
5-6 kg/kanal through broadcast only
Partial
-To ensure good plant population
-More labour intensive
Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation which is also feasible for intercropping practicing in the area
iii
Fertilizer
7 kg urea, 6.5 kg DAP, 2.5 kg MOP and 1 kg ZnSo4/kanal
Applying only urea @ 3 kg /kanal at knee high stage and DAP @ 1kg/kanal as basal
Partial
Unawareness and non availability of the fertilizers
Training on use of fertilizers for growth and development of
iv
Insect/ pest / Diseases
Control of cut-worm ,maize stem-borer and sheath blight
Sowing more seed than the recommended seed rate
Full
Do not know about the type and use of chemicals
Training on management /control of insect /pest/diseases
v
Yield
2.5-3 q/kanal
2-2.2 q/kanal under irrigated and 0.7-1.0 q/kanal under unirrigated
Partial
Growing of local cultivars only and no pest control, Damage by bear and monkeys
Demonstration cum training on improved maize variety
2.
Rajmash
i
variety
Bountiful, Master, Kentucky wonder
Local (lal choti and safed)
Full
-Unawareness
Introduction and popularization of recommended varieties through training and demonstration programmes
ii
Seed rate
Bush type- 4-5kg, pole type- 1.2-1.5 kg/kanal in line sowing
250g/ kanal in intercrop and 1kg/kanal for sole crop through broadcasting
Partial
-More labour intensive
-Unawareness
Demonstration on benefit of line sowing cultivation which is also feasible for intercropping practicing in the area
B) Horticulture
Only walnut is grown in these areas and have good quality due to lower temperature at time of maturity and play major role in the economy of the farmer of these areas. Though apple and pear can grow successfully but there may be the marketing problem due to poor transportation facilities.
S.No
Packages
Recommended
Existing
Gap (%)
Reason for gap
Farmers proposed strategy
1.
Walnut
1.
Variety
Hamdan, Sulaiman or better clonal selections
Seedling origin plants
100
Non availability of planting material and unawareness
To train some local unemployed youth to establish the nursery.
2
Spacing
8 x8
No systematic planting of orchard
100
unawareness and undulated lands
-
3
Manure
20kg /Tree
Nil
-
unawareness
-
4
Fertilizer
Urea-3915g
DAP-1085g
MOP-2490g
Nil
-
unawareness
Needs awareness programme
5
Pest and disease management
Spray of insecticide and fungicides
Nil- but walnut weevil is the major problem.
-
unawareness
Needs awareness programme
6
Irrigation
Required
Nil – though plenty of water is available.
-
unawareness
Need awareness programme
C) Vegetables
S.No
Packages
Recommended
Existing
Gap
Reason for gap
Farmers proposed strategy
Kharief Vegetables
1.
Kharif vegetables and varieties
Cole crops, cucurbits, Solaneaceous and beans etc.
with different high yielding varieties.
growing only few selected vegetables like kale, cucumber, bottle gourd, chillies brinjal tomato and potatoes using local seeds
Partial
- Unawareness about growing of vegetables using modern technologies
- Lack of improved / high yielding varieties of vegetable seed
Creating awareness by organizing camps and training programmes on Kharif vegetables
2.
Nursery raising of vegetables
Open, Hot bed and polyhouse technologies
Growing nursery in open beds.
Partial
- Unawareness and lack of knowledge about other methods
Organizing of training programmes for vegetable nursery management
3.
Level of Cultivation
Domestic and commercial
Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards
Partial
- Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value
Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home.
4.
Plant protection
Seed treatment and IPM
Not undertaking any plant protection measure and face problems of cut worms, borers and wilt in chillies.
Full
- Lack of knowledge and method of controlling the vegetable disease and pests
Training cum demonstration on IPM in vegetables
5.
Use of FYM and Fertilizers
Use of sufficient quantity of well decomposed FYM and balanced dose of fertilizers
Using only FYM and a little quantity of urea
partial
- Lack of knowledge and non availability of in puts.
Organizing a training programme on Integrated Nutrient Management in vegetales
Rabi Vegetables
1.
Rabi vegetables and varieties
Root, leafy, bulbs and tuber vegetables
Growing only selected vegetables like Kale, turnip and radish
Partial
- Generally unaware about the Rabi vegetables and root vegetables not growing well
Awareness cum training programme on cultivation of Rabi vegetables
2.
Level of cultivation
Domestic and commercial
Growing only for Domestic purposes in their backyards
Partial
- Unawareness about growing vegetables for regular consumption and commercial value
- Seed production of potato can be practiced
Popularizing kitchen gardening for regular supply of fresh vegetables at home.
Diversification through commercial seed production can be demonstrated on potato.
3.
Post Harvest
Various post harvest technologies for vegetables
Following only natural sun drying methods in some vegetables
Partial
- Lack of knowledge about various post harvest technologies
Training programmes related to post harvest technologies may be organized.
D) Home science
Health status of women and facilities available
The health standard of the population as a whole was not satisfactory and the women and children were most affected due to various disorders and deficiencies. The women were not equipped with any health related information, even they were not aware of the proper immunization schedule for their children. There was a primary health center but no professional help was available in the area for facilitating deliveries of the pregnant women and they have to go to the distant places for the emergency medical supervision. Besides, the nutritional awareness among the women was also weak. They had no knowledge regarding the selection of the nutritionally high value foodstuffs in different physiological conditions. Further, the cooking practices used by them were also false which had resulted in the loss of the essential nutrients. The deficiencies commonly found among the women of the Limber are anemia, malnutrition and arthritis. They need complete awareness regarding the importance of balanced diet in both normal and other conditions as the health standard was deteriorating day by day in the area.
Educational status
The area had one high school, one middle school and few primary schools. They also had a facility of mobile schools in the area .The total literacy rate was 60% and no gender bias was observed among the families for providing education to their children. However, again here the same problem of dropout among the girls was found after the middle or the Matric due to non availability of the provisions for the higher studies.
Noorkah Village
The village Noorkah of Boniyar block is one of the representative villages for sub-temperate agro-eco-situation of Uri region and was used for conducting PRA. The village is situated at an altitude of 1420m amsl on the foot hill of mountainous range and is opposite side of village Chandenwari on the Uri-Baramulla National highway. The river Jhelum separates the two villages. The village is spread over an area of 65 hectares and irrigated through Nilossa- Noorkah and Noorkah general koul. Most of the cropped area is irrigated and facilitate double cropping. Major Kharif crops are rice and maize whereas in Rabi season wheat, oats, Sarson and berseem are grown. The area is having a high potential for vegetable cultivation. Pear and walnut are the main fruits of the area. The village comprises of four patties (hamlets) namely Khurmjar, Sadat mohalla, Khan mohalla and Ahnger mohalla. The total numbers of households are 300 with a population of 2450 persons comprising of 1300 males and 1150 females. The family size ranges from 4 – 12 members, however in few of the households the strength of family members exceeded than 12 members.
About the Author
a long list enclosed at the top ghulam mohyuddin wani,majeed tantray,rehana khanth ,g m mir,and others enlisted in each section
i wanna achieve 300 whp on my 2k2 SE-R....on bolt ons any help ny refrences?
i have already a tanabe concept g exhoust sys.,an aem cold air intake,dc racing headers....
Well if you have money to burn a turbo with intercooler setup larger fuel injectors and a high flowfuel pump can get you 300hp pretty easily. With the mods you have already you should have close to 230hp or so being that engine is 175hp stock you could add a 75hp or 100hp shot on nitrous to it right now and acheive your goal. remember to have it tuned properly though you don't want to juice it an blow it open. if tuned right the nitrous will never hurt it. good luck with it.
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